Description

Buy Dexamphetamine 15mg UK

Buy Dexamphetamine 15mg UK The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers,^{[note 1]} levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or ‘right-handed’, enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both a brand name and generic drug in a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine is sometimes prescribed as the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine, which is converted into dextroamphetamine after absorption.

Side effects of dextroamphetamine at therapeutic doses include elevated mood, decreased appetite, dry mouth, excessive grinding of the teeth, headache, increased heart rate, increased wakefulness or insomnia, anxiety, and irritability, among others.^[30] At excessively high doses, psychosis (i.e., hallucinations, delusions), addiction, and rapid muscle breakdown may occur. However, for individuals with pre-existing psychotic disorders, there may be a risk of psychosis even at therapeutic doses.^[31]

Dextroamphetamine, like other amphetamines, elicits its stimulating effects via several distinct actions: it inhibits or reverses the transporter proteins for the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters) either via trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) or in a TAAR1 independent fashion when there are high cytosolic concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters^[32] and it releases these neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporter 2.^[33] It also shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, the latter being an isomer of amphetamine produced within the human body. It is available as a generic medication.^[30] In 2022, mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) was the 14th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 34 million prescriptions.^[34][35]

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Dextroamphetamine is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder),^[11] and is sometimes prescribed off-label for depression and obesity.^[28]

Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage,^[36][37] but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth.^[38][39][40] Reviews of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.^[38][39][40]

Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD.^[41][42][43] Randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2 years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety.^[41][42] Two reviews have indicated that long-term continuous stimulant therapy for ADHD is effective for reducing the core symptoms of ADHD (i.e., hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity), enhancing quality of life and academic achievement, and producing improvements in a large number of functional outcomes^{[note 2]} across 9 categories of outcomes related to academics, antisocial behavior, driving, non-